Asia+under+change

=== #1 Do you like change? Why do you think many people are resistant to change? It depends on the type of change. The reason I wouldn't like change was if i knew it was going in the wrong direction. I think most people resist change because they don't want to step away from their traditions. === ===** Have you ever read any books about China? What are some customs or traditions in China? How are they the same or different from your family’s customs or traditions? Yes, instead of shaking hands like we do, they bow when the greet someone. **===

Sphere of Influence -is an area or region over which a state or organization has significant cultural, economic, military or political influence.
[| http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere_of_Influence] Fact 1. In more extreme cases, a country within the "sphere of influence" of another more powerful country may become a subsidiary of that state and serve in effect as a satellite state. Fact 2. The term is also used to describe non-political situations, e.g. shopping mall is said to have a sphere of influence which designates the geographical area where it dominates the retail trade. Fact 3. Many areas of the world are considered to have inherited culture from a previous sphere of influence, that while perhaps today halted, continues to share the same culture.

[] Fact 1.Extraterritoriality is often extended to friendly or allied militaries, particularly for the purposes of allowing that military to simply pass through one's territory. Fact 2.Japan recognized extraterritoriality in the treaties concluded with the United States, the United Kingdom, France, France, and Russia in 1858. Fact 3. It is distinguished from personal jurisdiction in the sense that extraterritoriality operates to the prejudice of local jurisdiction.

Indemnity - a sum paid from A to B by way of compensation
[| http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indemnity] Fact 1. Forms of indemnity include cash payments, repairs, replacement, and reinstatement. Fact 2. In common parlance, indemnity is often used as a synonym for compensation or [|repa]. Fact 3. As a legal concept, it has a more specific meaning, namely, to compensate another party to a contract for any loss that such other party may suffer during the performance of the contract.

**Boxers**-shadow boxers that didn't like anyone who wasn't chinese.
[|wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/] translated as **Righteous Fists of Harmony** or**Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists**, or **Fists of Righteous Harmony**, known in English as **Boxers**, was a village sect founded in the Northern Shandong province of [|China] that spread to many parts of North China and executed the unsuccessful [|Boxer Uprising] in the closing years of the 19th century. Westerners came to call well-trained, athletic young men "Boxers" due to the [|martial arts] and [|calisthenics]they practiced. Despite the obvious differences between Chinese [|Wushu] and Western [|pugilistic boxing], the training for unarmed combat took on the same name to the Europeans. The Boxers believed that they could, through training, diet, martial arts, and prayer, perform extraordinary feats, such as flight and could become immune to swords and bullets. Further, they popularly claimed that millions of "spirit soldiers," would descend from the heavens and assist them in purifying China from foreign influences. Eventually forces from the West marshaled as the [|Eight-Nation Alliance] ended the rebellion and destroyed the short-lived Society. [|[1]] ===Open door policy- a concept in foreign affairs. As a theory, the Open Door Policy originates with British commercial practice, as was reflected in treaties concluded with Qing Dynasty China after the First Opium War (1839-1842). Although the Open Door is generally associated with China, it was recognized at the Berlin Conference of 1885, which declared that no power could levy preferential duties in the Congo basin. [|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_door_policy] ===


 * 1) To improve their balance of trade with China, the British sold the Chinese **opium.**
 * 2) As a result of China losing the first Opium War to Britain **china** **was forced to open its five ports to foreign** **merchants and to permit a territorial concession of Kong.**
 * 3) In the Treaty of Tianjin after the second Opium War, China agreed to **open 11 more ports, permit foreign legations in Beijing, sanction Christian missionary activity, and legalize the import of opium.**
 * 4) The Qing dynasty’s “self strengthening” reforms included **Self-Strengthening Movement.**
 * 5) The Qing dynasty was weakened by **military problems, and internal rebellion.**

=7.2= =Terms=

As the foremost pioneer of Republican China, Sun is frequently referred to as the Father of the Nation. Sun played an instrumental role in overthrowing the Qing Dynasty in October 1911, the last imperial dynasty of China. He was the first provisional president when the Republic of China (ROC) was founded in 1912 and later co-founded the Kuomintang (KMT) where he served as its first leader. Sun was a uniting figure in post-Imperial China, and remains unique among 20th-century Chinese politicians for being widely revered amongst the people from both sides of the Taiwan Strait.

===Provincial - indicates anything pertaining to a province. Provincial may also mean "not from a large city". Historically many countries did not include their capital city in their division into provinces. As a result "provincial" meant from anywhere outside the capital, leading to this occasional modern use. Although this is sometimes used negatively by large city inhabitants, or positively by the inhabitants of other settlements, the term is not intrinsically positive or negative. ===

**Guomindang-** Chinese National People's Party formed in 1912 after the overthrow of the Manchu Empire, and led by Sun Zhong Shan (Sun Yat-sen). The Guomindang was an amalgamation of small political groups, including Sun's Hsin Chung Hui (‘New China Party’), founded in 1894. During the Chinese revolution (1927–49) the right wing, led by Jiang Jie Shi, was in conflict with the left, led by Mao Zedong (though the sides united during the Japanese invasion of 1937–45). Zedong emerged victorious in 1949. Guomindang survived as the dominant political party of Taiwan (until 2000), where it is still spelled Kuomintang. However, in recent years there have been splits between mainland-born hardliners and moderates, led by Lee Teng-hui, president of Taiwan 1988–2000 and Kuomintang leader 1988–2001.In 2001, the traditionalist Lien Chan, who supports the reunification of Taiwan with China, was elected chairman of Kuomintang.

**Revolutionary Alliance**:The Tongmenghui (Chinese: 中國同盟會; Pinyin: Tóngménghuì; Wade-Giles: T'ung-meng Hui; lit. United Allegiance Society), also known as the Chinese United League or the Chinese Revolutionary Alliance, was a secret society and underground resistance movement organized by Sun Yat-sen and Song Jiaoren in Tokyo, Japan, on 20 August 1905. This new alliance was created through the unification of Sun's Xingzhonghui, or Revive China Society, the Guangfuhui, or Restoration Society, and other Chinese revolutionary groups.Combining republican, nationalist, and socialist objectives, the Tongmenghui's political platform was "To expel Tatar barbarians and to revive Zhonghua, to establish a republic, and to distribute land equally among the people." (Chinese: 驅除韃虜，恢復中華，創立民國，平均地權) Among the Allegiance's members was Li Zongren, prominent Guangxi warlord and Kuomintang military commander and Wang Jingwei, who would later serve as the collaborationist President of the Executive Yuan and Chairman of the National Government in Japanese occupied China during World War II.In 1906, a branch was formed in Singapore, following Sun's visit there; this was called the Nanyang branch and served as headquarters of the organization for Southeast Asia. After the establishment of the Republic of China, the Tongmenghui formed, in August 1912, the nucleus of Sun's new Kuomintang, which translates to National People's Party.

=Questions=


 * 1) The coming of Westerners changed the Chinese economy. The home textile industry was almost eliminated. **The price of products had to greatly decrease**
 * 2) Yuan tried to rule China without **political power**
 * 3) When the Nationalists’ rebellion failed,**Sun Yat-sen fled to Japan**
 * 4) When General Yuan Shigai died in 1916,  **China was left without any generally recognized central authority and the army quickly fragmented into forces of combating** [|**warlords**]**. For this reason he is sometimes called the Father of the Warlords.**
 * 5) By 1925, many urban, middle-class Chinese people: **Most of the Chinese people still lived on the land, and few peasants supported Sun Yat-sen’s party. In effect, then, the events of 1911 were less a revolution than a collapse of the old order.**


 * 1) The coming of Westerners changed the Chinese economy by: The sector most affected by foreign trade after the Opium War would be the textile industry. For centuries, the Chinese made cloths by hand. With the rush of cheaper Western machine-made products, the home textile industry was almost eliminated. What was left adapted to survive by decreasing the price of the products. However, because the production methods remained basically unchanged, the cost of production was kept the same. Therefore the lower price came at the cost of the lower of the living standards of the textile workers. However because Chinese workers had to compete with Western machinery, fundamental changes occurred in the Chinese economy. Most exporters were small individual producers and most of their profits were taken by numerous "middle man". Western capitalism greatly changed the Chinese economy.


 * 1) Yuan tried to rule China without:political power


 * 1) When the Nationalists’ rebellion failed:Sun Yat-sen fled to Japan

=7.3=
 * 1) When General Yuan Shigai died in 1916: With Yuan's death, China was left without any generally recognized central authority and the army quickly fragmented into forces of combating [|warlords]. For this reason he is sometimes called the Father of the Warlords.
 * 2) By 1925, many urban, middle-class Chinese people:Most of the Chinese people still lived on the land, and few peasants supported Sun Yat-sen’s party. In effect, then, the events of 1911 were less a revolution than a collapse of the old order.


 * Daimyo** - They were the most powerful feudal rulers from the 10th century to the early 19th century in Japan following the Shogun.
 * Support**: It's a generic term referring to the powerful territorial lord in premodern Japan who ruled most of the country from their vast, hereditary land holdings. In the term, "//dai//", literally means "large", and "//myō//" stands for //myōden// meaning private land. From the //Shugo// of the Muromachi Period through the //Sengoku// to the daimyo of the Edo period, the rank had a long and varied history.The term "daimyo" is also sometimes used to refer to the leading figures of such clans, also called "lord". It was usually, though not exclusively, from these warlords that a shogun arose or a regent was chosen.


 * Port Arthur** - a district in the municipality of Dalian, Liaoning province, China.
 * Support**: It has an excellent natural harbour, the possession and control of which became a casus bellin the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905). Japanese and then Soviet administration would continue until 1953. During the first decade of that period, it was world famous and was more significant than the other port on the peninsula, Dalian proper. In Western diplomatic, news, and historical writings, it was known as Port Arthur, and during the period when the Japanese controlled and administered the Liaodong (formerly Liaotung) Peninsula it was called Ryojun.


 * Commodore Perry** - the commodore of the US Navy who forced the opening of Japan to the West.
 * Support:** sought “to bring a singular and isolated people into the family of civilized nations.” Perry brought with him a letter from President Fillmore. The US president asked for better treatment of sailors shipwrecked on the Japanese islands. (Foreign sailors shipwrecked in Japan were treated as criminals and exhibited in public cages.) He also requested the opening of foreign relations between the United States and Japan. Under military pressure, Japan agreed to the Treaty of Kanagawa. It provided for the return of shipwrecked American sailors, the opening of two ports to Western traders, and the establishment of a U.S. consulate in Japan.


 * Prefectures** - indicates the office, seat, territorial circumscription of a Perfect. The term //prefecture// is also used to refer to offices analogous to prefectures.
 * Support**: It has been used most prominently to denote a somewhat self-governing body or area since the tetrarchy, when emperor Diocletian divided the Roman Empireinto four districts (each divided into dioceses, grouping under a //Vicarius// a number of Roman provinces, listed under that article), although he maintained two pretorian prefectures as an administrative level above the also surviving dioceses (a few of which were split).


 * Concessions** - the act of a losing candidate publicly complying to a winning candidate after an election, when the overall result of the vote has become clear.
 * Support:** Concession, //per se//, is entirely optional, and a candidate will sometimes refuse to concede defeat despite the vote count being against them, especially if they suspect electoral fraud. In that case the candidate would likely demand a recount of the votes or other investigations into the alleged fraud. Sometimes concession may be denied not because of any specific fraud allegations, but simply because of ill will accumulated over the campaign.

**Questions**
The Meiji Restoration was responsible for? creating a “rich country and a strong state” and to guarantee Japan’s survival against the challenge of Western nations.

The Meiji reformers created a new imperial army in 1871, based on compulsory military service

Describe the Meiji education system. the education ministry adopted the American model of elementary schools, secondary schools, and universities. It brought foreign specialists to Japan to teach in the new schools. In the meantime, it sent bright students to study further. Much of the content of the new educational system was Western in inspiration, but a great deal of emphasis was still placed on the virtues of loyalty to the family and community. Loyalty to the emperor was especially valued. Both teachers and students were required to bow before a portrait of the emperor each day.

The Meiji Restoration developed Japanese interest in Western culture and values.

The 1904 war between Russia and Japan resulted in Japanese forces moving into Manchuria and the Liaodong Peninsula