Unit+12


 * Vocabulary** Define:
 * aid**:help, typically of a practical nature
 * satellite state**: a political term that refers to a country that is formally independent, but under heavy influence or control by another country.
 * policy of containment**: was a United States policy using military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to temper the spread of Communism, enhance America’s security and influence abroad, and prevent a "domino effect".
 * occupy**:fill or take up (a space or time)
 * creation**:the action or process of bringing something into existence
 * arms race**:a competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons, esp. between the U.S. and the former USSR during the Cold War.
 * deterrence**:a thing that discourages or is intended to discourage someone from doing something.
 * administration**:the process or activity of running a business, organization
 * communications**:the imparting or exchanging of information or news
 * domino theory**:the theory that a political event in one country will cause similar events in neighboring countries, like a falling domino causing an entire row of upended dominoes to fall.
 * People** **and Events Identify**:
 * Truman Doctrine**:the principle that the U.S. should give support to countries or peoples threatened by Soviet forces or communist insurrection. First expressed in 1947 by U.S. President Truman in a speech to Congress seeking aid for Greece and Turkey, the doctrine was seen by the communists as an open declaration of the Cold War.

1.The United States Secretary of State. 2.He played a central role in defining American foreign policy during the Cold War. 3.His most famous decision was convincing Truman to intervene, in June 1950, in the Korean War.
 * Dean Acheson**: (April 11, 1893 – October 12, 1971)


 * Marshall Plan**:A program of financial aid and other initiatives, sponsored by the U.S., designed to boost the economies of western European countries after World War II. It was originally advocated by Secretary of State George C. Marshall and passed by Congress in 1948. Official name European Recovery Program.

1.An association of European and North American countries, formed in 1949 for the defense of Europe and the North Atlantic against the perceived threat of Soviet aggression. 2.By 2005, the alliance consisted of 26 countries, including several eastern European nations. NATO's purpose is to safeguard member countries by political and military means.
 * NATO**:North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

1. It was made by communist states of Europe under Soviet influence, in response to the admission of West Germany to NATO. 2.The pact was dissolved in 1991.
 * Warsaw Pact**:A treaty of mutual defense and military aid signed at Warsaw on May 14, 1955.

1.A defense alliance that existed between 1954 and 1977 for countries of Southeast Asia and part of the southwestern Pacific. 2.It was to further a U.S. policy of containing communism. 3.Its members were Australia, Britain, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, and the U.S.
 * SEATO**:Southeast Asia Treaty Organization.

1.It's original name was Middle East Treaty Organization or METO. 2.It was adopted in 1955 by Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. 3.It was dissolved in 1979. 1.A Soviet statesman. 2.He came close to war with the U.S. over the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 and also clashed with China. 3.This led to his being ousted by Brezhnev and Kosygin.
 * CENTO**:Central Treaty Organization
 * Nikita Khrushchev**:(1894–1971)


 * < Alliance ||< Members ||
 * < NATO ||< 1.United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, France, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg. ||
 * < Warsaw Pact ||< 2.Soviet Union, Albania(until 1968), Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany(until 1990), Hungary, Poland, Romania ||
 * < SEATO ||< 3.Australia, Britain, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, and the U.S. ||
 * Cento || 4.Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey, UK, U.S. ||


 * QUESTIONS**
 * 1) **What was the Marshall Plan?**:was the primary program, 1947–51, of the United States for rebuilding and creating a stronger economic foundation for the countries of Western Europe.
 * 2) **Why did the United States and the Soviet Union become involved in an arms race?**:the US was concerned that a Soviet Military build-up might threaten our military dominance over that nation. It was the policy of the US at that time to contain communism from spreading. In order to contain it, the US had to convince the Soviet Union that our military was stronger than their military. Also, it was necessary to convince the Soviets that should they attack us, our retaliation would destroy their country.
 * 3) **What was the domino theory?**:the theory that a political event in one country will cause similar events in neighboring countries, like a falling domino causing an entire row of upended dominoes to fall.
 * 4) **Was it right or wrong?**:wrong
 * 5) **Why?**: It has a shortfall,it does not say anything about making the system safe.
 * 6) **Explain why the Berlin Wall was built**:It was to keep East Germans from escaping to the West side for freedom.


 * 1) **Summarizing Information Use TIMETOAST to list the American presidents who held office during the Cold War and major events related to the Cold War that took place during their administrations. (for this exercise we define COLD WAR as between 1947 and 1991 - include major weapons developments) []**

// Define //

heavy industry **- those secondary industries using bulk raw materials for both energy (eg coal) and production (eg ores).  **conform **- adjust: adapt or conform oneself to new or different conditions  **de-Stalinization - refers to the process of eliminating the cult of personality and Stalinist political system created by Soviet leader Joseph Stalin.

symbol - **something visible that by association or convention represents something else that is invisible**

// Identify //

Alexander Solzhenitsyn **- (December 11, 1918 – August 3, 2008); helped to make the world aware of the Gulag, the Soviet Union's forced labor camp system; exiled from the Soviet Union in 1974; returned to Russia in 1994.**

Tito **- (25 May 1892 – 4 May 1980); went on to lead the World War II Yugoslav guerrilla movement, the Yugoslav Partisans (1941–45); was the authoritarian Prime Minister (1943–63); later President (1953–80) of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia**

Imre Nagy **- (June 7, 1896 – June 16, 1958); appointed Prime Minister of Hungary; Second term ended because his non-Soviet-backed government was brought down; executed for treason**

Alexander Dubček **- (27 November 1921 – 7 November 1992); Leader of Czechoslovakiaattempted to reform communist regime; became chairman of Czezo-slovak parliament**

After World War II, six countries in Eastern Europe became Soviet satellite states. Identify these six countries: (A) Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (E) East Germany (H) People's Republic of Hungary (M) Mongolian People's Republic (T) Tuvan People's Republic**
 * (P) People's Republic of Bulgaria

// Questions :// **Use a table to identify the policies of Stalin and those of Khrushchev.**
 * How did the emphasis on heavy industry affect the Soviet people?: Many targets which the workers had to meet were set - and most were unrealistic. For example, there was to be a 250% increase in total industrial output and a 350% increase in heavy industries. The people were given no leave and absenteeism was treated as treason. Many workers had to slog for 11 hours! However, none of them revolted, as they knew their wages were paid in food rations, which meant they would DEFINITELY not eat if they did not work. **
 * Why were Albania and Yugoslavia able to remain free of Soviet control? Due to the Warsaw pact **
 * || Stalin || Khruschev ||
 * || Industrialize || Improve citizens' lives ||
 * || 5-Year Plans || Defense with missiles(as opposed to conventional forces) ||

Part 3 welfare state: a system whereby the government undertakes to protect the health and well-being of its citizens, esp. those in financial or social need, by means of grants, pensions, and other benefits. The foundations for the modern welfare state in the U.S. were laid by the New Deal programs of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. role: the function assumed or part played by a person or thing in a particular situation bloc: a combination of countries, parties, or groups sharing a common purpose real wages: wages that have been adjusted for inflation. civil rights movement: worldwide political movement for equality before the law occurring between approximately 1950 and 1980. consumer society: a society in which the buying and selling of goods and services is the most important social and economic activity. women’s liberation movement: Equal rights for women publish:** prepare and issue (a book, journal, piece of music, or other work) for public sale
 * Define:

Charles de Gaulle: (1890-1970) war hero helped establish a new government in France New President of the Fifth Republic Died of a heart attack
 * Identify:

European Economic Community: Created in 1957 made up of France, West Germany, the Benelux countries and Italy. Would impose no tariffs on each other's goods.

John F. Kennedy: (1917-1963) 35th president Youngest president elected Assassinated 1963

Martin Luther King, Jr.: (1929-1968) Leader of the African American civil rights movement He advocated the use of passive disobedience in gaining racial equality. Assassinated April 4, 1968  Simone de Beauvoir: (1908-1986) Wrote //The Second Sex Influenced both American and European movements. Died of pneumonia

QUESTIONS

Explain why many British colonies gained their independence after World War II. // ** **The cost of building a welfare state caused Great Britain to dismantle the British Empire.**

//** Identify factors leading to the emergence of the postwar women’s liberation movement. The fact that women were getting paid less then men for equal work and how at the same time they had to raise a family. In the late 1950s, six countries in Western Europe created the European Economic Community, also known as the Common Market. Identify the six original members of the Common Market. ** **France, West Germany, the Benelux countries and Italy.** **

How did the British Empire come to an end? The cost of building a welfare state. What were some of the important events in the civil rights movement from 1954 to 1965? (Create a time line in TIMETOAST for extra credit) ** []


 * How did women’s roles change during and after World War II?**//
 * They worked during World War II, but this changed when it was over and they went back to their original roles.**